⚡Kinematics, Forces, Energy & Circuits

Physics Equations Sheet: Kinematics, Forces & Energy

Find the exact kinematics, dynamics, energy, or electricity equation you need based on which variable is missing in your physics problem.

High-Yield Formulas

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Kinematics (Missing Displacement Δx)
v = v₀ + a · t

When to use: Constant acceleration problems when displacement Δx is not given or asked.

⚠️ Exam Trap: Set acceleration a = -9.8 m/s² for upward/downward free-fall sign consistency.
Kinematics (Missing Final Velocity v)
Δx = v₀ · t + ½ a · t²

When to use: Finding projectile drop height, flight time, or horizontal/vertical position.

⚠️ Exam Trap: Horizontal projectile motion has aₓ = 0, so Δx = v₀ₓ · t.
Kinematics (Time-Independent)
v² = v₀² + 2a · Δx

When to use: When time t is neither given nor requested (stopping distance, max height).

⚠️ Exam Trap: At maximum projectile height, vertical velocity vᵧ = 0 (not total velocity).
Newton’s Second Law & Friction
ΣF = m · a, fₖ = μₖ · N

When to use: Free-body diagram force balances on flat surfaces, inclines, and pulleys.

⚠️ Exam Trap: On an incline of angle θ, Normal force N = mg·cos(θ), not mg.
Work-Energy & Mechanical Conservation
K = ½mv², U₉ = mgh, W_net = ΔK

When to use: Roller coasters, pendulums, and ramps where speed changes with height.

⚠️ Exam Trap: Convert mass to kilograms (kg) and speed to m/s before computing Joules.
Ohm’s Law & Electrical Power
V = I · R, P = I · V = I²R = V²/R

When to use: Series and parallel resistor circuits.

⚠️ Exam Trap: Resistors add in series (R_eq = R₁ + R₂), but reciprocals add in parallel.

Practice These Formulas

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do I pick the right kinematics equation on a physics test?

List the 5 kinematic variables (Δx, v₀, v, a, t). Identify which 3 are known, which 1 you want to find, and which 1 is not mentioned—each kinematic equation omits exactly one variable.

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