Chemistry
Chemistry: step-by-step Socratic AI tutors, core formulas, worked examples, and exam prep across High School, CÉGEP, and University.
High School & AP
PV = nRT🧪 General Chemistry
Atomic structure, periodic table trends, balancing equations, moles, gas laws
Open Course Track & Prompts →ΔG = ΔH - TΔS⚗️ AP / Honors Chemistry
Equilibrium, Le Chatelier, acid-base titration, thermodynamics, kinetics
Open Course Track & Prompts →CÉGEP & College
VSEPR / sp³⚛️ General Chem 1: Atoms
Quantum numbers, orbital shapes, Lewis structures, VSEPR geometry, intermolecular forces
Open Course Track & Prompts →pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA])🧪 General Chem 2: Equilibrium
Kinetics, equilibrium constants, acid-base buffers, solubility Ksp, electrochemistry, redox
Open Course Track & Prompts →SN1 / SN2⚗️ Organic Chemistry 1
Alkanes, alkenes, stereochemistry, R/S enantiomers, SN1/SN2, E1/E2 elimination
Open Course Track & Prompts →¹H-NMR / EAS🔬 Organic Chemistry 2
Aromaticity, benzene EAS reactions, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic derivatives, NMR/IR
Open Course Track & Prompts →University & Honours
ΔG° = -RT ln K🌡️ Physical Chemistry: Thermo
Heat laws, entropy, Gibbs energy & phase equilibria
Open Course Track & Prompts →Ĥψ = Eψ⚛️ Quantum & Spectroscopy
Molecular orbitals, light spectra & electron states
Open Course Track & Prompts →[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻💎 Inorganic & Coordination
Metal complexes, molecular bonding & catalyst cycles
Open Course Track & Prompts →1-Page Exam Sheet: ATP & Cellular Respiration
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC. Without O₂, the ETC backs up and cells must ferment simply to regenerate NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
- 1. Cytosol: Glycolysis → 2 Pyruvate + 2 Net ATP + 2 NADH (No O₂ needed)
- 2. Matrix: Krebs Cycle → 2 ATP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH₂ + CO₂ exhaled
- 3. Inner Membrane: ETC + Chemiosmosis → ~26–28 ATP + H₂O formed
Where does the proton concentration [H⁺] spike (lowest pH)?
In the Intermembrane Space, protons are pumped OUT of the matrix across the inner membrane.
Does Fermentation produce extra ATP after Glycolysis?
No (0 extra ATP). Its sole job is oxidizing NADH back to NAD⁺ so Glycolysis doesn’t stall.
Which molecule directly donates electrons to Complex II?
FADH₂ (skipping Complex I, which is why it yields ~1.5 ATP instead of 2.5 ATP).