Biology & Health
Biology & Health: step-by-step Socratic AI tutors, core formulas, worked examples, and exam prep across High School, CÉGEP, and University.
High School & AP
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂🧬 General Biology
Cell theory, organelles, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, mitosis, Punnett squares
Open Course Track & Prompts →p² + 2pq + q² = 1🔬 AP / IB Biology
DNA replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, evolution, ecology
Open Course Track & Prompts →CÉGEP & College
Km / Vmax🧫 Cell Biology & Genetics
Membrane transport, enzyme kinetics, cellular respiration, PCR, gel electrophoresis
Open Course Track & Prompts →Na⁺ / K⁺🫀 Anatomy & Physiology
Cardiovascular, neural action potentials, muscle contraction, renal nephron physiology
Open Course Track & Prompts →Gram⁺ / Gram⁻🦠 Intro to Microbiology
Bacterial cell walls, Gram staining, viral lytic/lysogenic cycles, antibiotic mechanisms
Open Course Track & Prompts →University & Honours
v = Vmax[S]/(Km+[S])🧪 Biochemistry & Metabolism
Glycolysis regulation, Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation, protein folding, enzyme kinetics
Open Course Track & Prompts →CRISPR / Cas9🔬 Molecular & Cell Biology
Signal transduction, RTKs, GPCRs, cell cycle cyclins/CDKs, apoptosis, CRISPR gene editing
Open Course Track & Prompts →MHC-I / MHC-II🛡️ Immunology & Pathology
Innate immunity, MHC class I/II antigen presentation, T-cell maturation, antibody diversity
Open Course Track & Prompts →1-Page Exam Sheet: ATP & Cellular Respiration
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC. Without O₂, the ETC backs up and cells must ferment simply to regenerate NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
- 1. Cytosol: Glycolysis → 2 Pyruvate + 2 Net ATP + 2 NADH (No O₂ needed)
- 2. Matrix: Krebs Cycle → 2 ATP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH₂ + CO₂ exhaled
- 3. Inner Membrane: ETC + Chemiosmosis → ~26–28 ATP + H₂O formed
Where does the proton concentration [H⁺] spike (lowest pH)?
In the Intermembrane Space, protons are pumped OUT of the matrix across the inner membrane.
Does Fermentation produce extra ATP after Glycolysis?
No (0 extra ATP). Its sole job is oxidizing NADH back to NAD⁺ so Glycolysis doesn’t stall.
Which molecule directly donates electrons to Complex II?
FADH₂ (skipping Complex I, which is why it yields ~1.5 ATP instead of 2.5 ATP).